Regulatory Effect of Polygala tenuifolia and Licorice-simmered P. tenuifolia on Learning and Memory， HPA Axis Function and Neurotransmitters in Rats with Heart-kidney Imbalance Insomnia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To compare the regulatory effects of <italic>Polygala tenuifolia</italic> and licorice-simmered <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> on learning and memory， hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis （HPA axis） function and neurotransmitters in rats with heart-kidney imbalance insomnia. Method:The rat model of insomnia induced by multi-factor stimulation was established. After the model being made， the administration groups were given the extracts of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> and licorice-simmered <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> by gavage （dose of 8 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， while the normal group and model group were given the same volume of normal saline for 7 days. Morris water maze was used to detect the changes of learning and memory ability of rats in each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to determine the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone （CRH）， adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） and cortisol （CORT） in serum of rats from each group. The contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， dopamine （DA）， <italic>γ</italic>-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamic acid （Glu） in the hypothalamus of rats were determined simultaneously by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Result:Compared with the normal group， the spatial learning and memory ability of rats in the model group<italic> </italic>was decreased， the times and time of staying in target quadrant were significantly reduced （<italic>P<</italic>0.05， <italic>P<</italic>0.01）， the levels of CORT， CRH and ACTH in serum were significantly increased （<italic>P<</italic>0.01）， the contents of GABA， DA， 5-HT in hypothalamus tissue were significantly decreased （<italic>P<</italic>0.01）， and the content of Glu was significantly increased （<italic>P<</italic>0.01）. Compared with the model group， the spatial learning and memory ability of rats in the <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> group and licorice-simmered <italic>P. tenuifolia </italic>group<italic> </italic>were increased， the times and time of staying in the target quadrant were significantly increased （<italic>P<</italic>0.05， <italic>P<</italic>0.01）， the levels of CORT， CRH and ACTH in serum were significantly decreased （<italic>P<</italic>0.05， <italic>P<</italic>0.01）， the contents of GABA， DA and 5-HT in hypothalamus tissue were significantly increased （<italic>P<</italic>0.05， <italic>P<</italic>0.01）， and the content of Glu was significantly decreased （<italic>P<</italic>0.05）. The recovery degree of each index in the licorice-simmered <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> group was better than that in the <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> group. Conclusion:Both <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> and licorice-simmered <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> can improve the learning and memory ability， improve the function of HPA axis， regulate the level of central neurotransmitters， and have the effect of calming the mind and improving the intelligence of rats with heart-kidney imbalance insomnia. The effect of licorice-simmered <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> is better than that of <italic>P. tenuifolia.</italic>

Chemical Composition Analysis of Platycladi Cacumen Before and After Being Carbonized Based on Identification by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To identify the chemical constituents of Platycladi Cacumen<italic> </italic>before and after being carbonized. Method:Chemical constituents in 3 batches of Platycladi Cacumen and its carbonized products<italic> </italic>were identified and compared by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry （UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS）. Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）- acetonitrile （B） as mobile phase for gradient elution （0-3.5 min， 5%-15%B； 3.5-6 min， 15%-30%B； 6-6.5 min， 30%B； 6.5-12 min， 30%-70%B； 12-12.5 min， 70%B； 12.5-18 min， 70%-100%B； 18-22 min， 100%B）. The flow rate was 0.4 mL·min^-1 and the injection volume was 5 μL. Mass spectrometry was performed by an electrospray ionization， and the primary and secondary mass spectrometry data were collected with the full scan mode of positive and negative ions， the peaks containing MS/MS data were identified by self-established secondary mass spectrometry database and corresponding fragmentation law matching method. Result:A total of 77 and 76 substances with the same change trend were identified under positive and negative ion modes. After being<italic> </italic>carbonized， the disappeared components of Platycladi Cacumen were mainly amino acids， ketone aldehydes and other volatile components. Among newly produced components， there were 6 kinds of flavonoid aglycones （rhamnetin， 6，7，3'-trihydroxyflavone， 3，6，3'-trihydroxyflavone， 4'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-3，4，5-trimethoxychalcone， herbacetin and 3'，5'-dimethoxy-3，5，7，4'-tetrahydroxyflavone）， 3 kinds of coumarins （7-hydroxycoumarin， 7，8-dihydroxycoumarin and 8-acetyl-7-hydroxycoum-arin） and 3 kinds of benzoic acids （3-methylcatechol， pyrocatechol and chromone-3-carboxylic acid）. There were a total of 40 flavonoids （quercitrin， quercetin， kaempferol， etc.） among these identified chemical constituents. Conclusion:There are significant quantitative and qualitative changes in the chemical compositions of Platycladi Cacumen after being carbonized. The flavonoids， the identified main active ingredients， can provide data reference for further study on the material basis of efficacy changes of Platycladi Cacumen<italic> </italic>before and after being carbonized.

Study on internal and external quality control methods of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata based on QAMS and color recognition / 中国中药杂志

In order to effectively solve the over-processing problem of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata, which was commonly used as a hemostatic drug in clinical application, we used the quantitative analysis method of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) in this study, with quercetin as internal reference to simultaneously determine the content of six flavonoids which can be used to control the internal quality of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata. Based on the comparison of QAMS and external standard method(ESM) results, the limit standards of contents were established as follows: isoquercitroside ≥0.002 0%, quercitroside ≥0.050%, quercetin ≥0.030%, kaempferol and amentoflavone both ≥0.010%, hinokiflavone ≥0.050%. Based on the color detection of Platycladi Cacumen and Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata with different processing degrees, the law of influence of different processing degrees on the color of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata was found. A new external quality standard of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata was established by fitting curve of color recognition for the external quality control, based on which the standard ranges of ΔL~*, Δb~* and ΔE were-50.00--44.00, 6.00-11.00 and 45.00-50.00 respectively. Effective combination of established internal and external quality control standards by this study can be used to evaluate the processing degree and quality of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata more comprehensively and objectively, which can guarantee its clinical efficacy. At the same time, this study also provides reference and basis for further improving the quality control standard of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata.

Quality Evaluation of Standard Decoction of Wine-processing Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish the quality control method of the wine-processing Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma standard decoction,in order to provide reference for the quality evaluation of the wine-processing Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma formula granules and other related products. Method:Totally 15 batches of representative wine-processing Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma pieces were collected to prepare the standard decoction, establish the HPLC fingerprint and determine the content of five components(sodium danshensu,caffeic acid,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B). The main common peaks in fingerprint were identified to define the main chemical constituents in the standard decoction, the parameters,such as dry extract rate,transfer rate of index components and pH of the standard decoction were calculated, and the comprehensive evaluation index was established to evaluate the stability of the preparation process. Result:The main component standard decoction was phenolic acids. The concentrations of five components(sodium danshensu,caffeic acid,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B)in the standard decoction were 0.21%-0.37%,0.03%-0.10%,0.08%-0.18%,0.07%-0.13%,2.68%-4.34%, the dry extract rates of standard decoction were 71.8%-85.4%,50.0%-71.4%,68.2%-81.0%,66.7%-84.6%,67.5%-79.6%,the transfer rates were between 45.1%-55.3%,and pH value was between 5.91-6.05. The fingerprint similarities of the 15 batches of standard decoction with reference fingerprints were>0.98,the fingerprint showed 12 common peaks,7 of which were considered to be sodium danshensu,protocatechuic aldehyde,caffeic acid,ferulic acid,rosmarinic acid,lithosperic acid and salvianolic acid B. Conclusion:The established systematic evaluation for the quality of wine-processing Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma standard decoction is stable and feasible,and provides a reference for the quality control of relevant preparations of wine-processing Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma decoction.

Analysis of Quality Control Standard of “Carbonizing Retains Characteristics” Based on Quality Investigation of Commercial Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata Pieces / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To investigate the quality of Platycladi Cacumen carbonisata pieces in the market,then to explore control standard of "carbonizing retains characteristics" of Platycladi Cacumen.Method: The properties,water content and alcohol extract content of commercial Platycladi Cacumen carbonisata pieces were determined by the method in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Thin layer chromatography(TLC) identification of quercetin and contents of quercetin and quercitin were determined.Result: The carbonizing degree of 9 batches of Platycladi Cacumen carbonisata pieces were heavier than which is specified in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The conditions of TLC identification in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be revised to avoid stratification;the carbonizing degree could affect the contents of quercetin and quercitin in Platycladi Cacumen carbonisata pieces;the simultaneous detection of quercetin and quercitin can be used as one of the quality control indexes of this carbonisata pieces.Conclusion: Most of commercial Platycladi Cacumen carbonisata pieces have the quality problem of excessive carbonizing degree,the established quality control standard of "carbonizing retains characteristics" can be used to effectively ensure the quality of Platycladi Cacumen carbonisata pieces.

Epidemiological analysis of 440 cases of respiratory adenovirus infections in children from the Suzhou area between 2006 and 2015 / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory adenovirus (ADV) infections in children from the Suzhou area, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of ADV-positive children out of 35 529 children with respiratory tract infections who were hospitalized in the Children's Hospital of Soochow University between January 2006 and December 2015 were retrospectively studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 35 529 children with respiratory tract infections, 440 (1.24%) were ADV-positive. There was no significant difference in the rate of ADV infections between boys and girls (1.18% vs 1.34%). The ADV infection rates of children at the age of <1 year old, 1-3 years old, 3-7 years old and 7-14 years old were 0.39% (71/18 002), 1.12% (103/9 191), 3.14% (201/6 398), and 3.35%( 65/1 938) respectively and the rate increased with age (P<0.01). The ADV infection rates in spring [1.85%(60/8 658)] and summer [2.20%(189/8 606)] were significantly higher than in autumn [0.30%(27/8 952)] and winter [0.69%(64/9 313)] (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The ADV infection rate is increased with age in the children from the Suzhou area, but it is not associated with gender. ADV infections are more common in spring and summer.</p>

Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized children at a children's hospital and effects of climate change on the prevalence in Suzhou, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children and the relationship between the prevalence and the climate change in Suzhou, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 42 664 nasopharyngeal secretions from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection at the Suzhou Children's Hospital were screened for RSV antigens using direct immunofluorescence. Monthly meteorological data (mean monthly air temperature, monthly relative humidity, monthly rainfall, total monthly sunshine duration, and mean monthly wind velocity) in Suzhou between 2001 and 2011 were collected. The correlations between RSV detection rate and climatic factors were evaluated using correlation and stepwise regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The annual RSV infection rate in hospitalized children with respiratory infection in the Suzhou Children's Hospital varied between 11.85% and 27.30% from 2001 to 2011. In the 9 epidemic seasons, each spanning from November to April of the next year, from 2001 to 2010, the RSV detection rates were 40.75%, 22.72%, 39.93%, 27.37%, 42.71%, 21.28%, 38.57%, 19.86%, and 29.73%, respectively; there were significant differences in the detection rate between the epidemic seasons. The monthly RSV detection rate was negatively correlated with mean monthly air temperature, total monthly sunshine duration, monthly rainfall, monthly relative humidity, and mean monthly wind velocity (P<0.05). Stepwise regression analysis showed that mean monthly air temperature fitted into a linear model (R(2)=0.64, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>From 2001 to 2011, RSV infection in Suzhou was predominantly prevalent between November and April of the next year. As a whole, the infection rate of RSV reached a peak every other year. Air temperature played an important role in the epidemics of RSV infection in Suzhou.</p>

Comparation of gastrointestinal absorption studies of specnuezhenide with salidroside in rats / 中国中药杂志

The experiment was designed to study the mechanism of increasing efficiency of Ligustrum lucidum steamed with wine. Rats in vivo with gastrointestinal perfusion model were used. The contents of salidroside and specnuezhenide in the fluid of gastrointestinal perfusion of rats were measured by HPLC at different time points after dosing. Then the K(a) and absorption percentage were calculated. Specnuezhenide could be detected in the fluid of gastrointestinal perfusion of specnuezhenide. The K(a) of the specnuezhenide and salidroside in the fetal intestines are 0.055 3 and 0.144 2 h(-1) respectively and the total absorptivity are 24.46% and 60.14% respectively after 4 hours. The K(a) in the stomach are 5.70 and 8.26 h(-1) respectively and the total absorptivity are 34.21% and 47.23% respectively after 4 hours. The experiment proved that specnuezhenide can be metabolized into salidroside which is more beneficial for gastrointestinal absorption. The experiment proved that specnuezhenide can be metabolized into salidroside both in the rat's stomach and the fetal intestine and compared with the specnuezhenide salidroside is more conducive to gastrointestinal absorption. The results suggested that the increasing efficiency on liver and kidney of L. lucidum steamed with wine has business with the fact that Specnuezhe nide is more conducive to the body after it is changed into salidroside.

Comparison of clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus A and pneumonia caused by influenza virus B among children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus A (IVA) and pneumonia caused by influenza virus B (IVB) among children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 165 children with pneumonia caused by influenza virus (IV) were included in the study. These subjects were divided into IVA(n=71) and IVB pneumonia groups (n=94) according to the subtypes of IV. The IVA pneumonia group was further divided into simple infection (n=14) and co-infection subgroups (n=57), and the IVB pneumonia group was also further divided into simple infection (n=27) and co-infection subgroups (n=67). Co-infection rate and pathogen spectrum were analysed in children with IV pneumonia.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The IVB pneumonia group had significantly increased mean age of onset and significantly prolonged mean duration of fever compared with the IVA pneumonia group (P<0.05). Co-infection rate among children with IV pneumonia was 75.2%, who were co-infected with bacteria (44.2%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP, 21.8%) and other viruses (45.5%). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was most common in children co-infected viruses (89% ). The rate of co-infection with RSV was significantly higher in the IVA pneumonia group than in the IVB pneumonia group. There were no significant differences in age, length of hospital stay, duration of fever, percentage of neutrophils, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase-MB between the simple infection and co-infection subgroups of each group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Children with IVB pneumonia have prolonged duration of fever and increased age of onset compared with those with IVA pneumonia. Co-infection rate is high among children with IV pneumonia, who may be co-infected with bacteria, viruses and MP. Co-infection with RSV is more common in children with IVA pneumonia. It is difficult to identify the presense of co-infection using clinical indices.</p>

Monitoring of influenza virus B and clinical features of pediatric pneumonia caused by influenza virus B only / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiological features of influenza virus B (IVB) in the winter and the clinical features of pediatric pneumonia caused by IVB only.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study was performed on the clinical data of children with respiratory infection who received pathogen testing and therapy at Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital during the winters of 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive rates of influenza viruses A and B in the winters of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 0.89%, 5.49%, and 6.24% respectively; the positive rate of influenza viruses A and B in the winter of 2011 was 8.72%, significantly higher than those in 2008-2010. The positive rates of IVB in the winters of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 0%, 0%, and 0.21% respectively; the positive rate of IVB in the winter of 2011 was 5.36%, which was significantly higher than in the years 2008 to 2010. Pneumonia caused by IVB was confirmed in 94 children during the winter of 2011, including 27 cases of pneumonia caused by IVB only. Most of children with pneumonia caused by IVB only were aged over 6 months. The common symptoms in the 27 children caused by IVB only were fever (85%), runny nose (89%), and cough (100%). Wheezing (26%) and dyspnea (7%) were also seen in some cases. Among the 27 children, 19% showed abnormal white blood cell count, 30% showed increased C-reactive protein, 70% showed decreased prealbumin, and none showed visible organ dysfunction. No specific imaging findings were seen in the children with pneumonia caused by IVB only. However, many abnormal humoral and cellular immunological parameters were found in the majority of these children. The average length of hospital stay was approximately one week, there were no critical patients and the prognosis was good.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Influenza viruses were at a peak level in inpatient children in the winter of 2011. IVB infection rate was gradually increasing. In children with pneumonia caused by IVB only, there are few critical patients, the symptoms are nonspecific and the prognosis is good.</p>

Chest imaging findings in children with influenza A [H1N1]

To assess imaging findings at presentation in children diagnosed with influenza A [H1N1] infection. This is a retrospective observational cohort study conducted at The Children's Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China between September 2009 and March 2010. Nasopharyngeal swabs and bronchial aspirate samples from 81 children with acute respiratory infections were tested positive for influenza A [H1N1] using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Chest imaging for these patients was analyzed retrospectively by 2 independent radiologists for the presence and distribution of abnormalities. Chest radiograph findings consisted of bilateral patchy areas of consolidation [n=48], diffuse areas of air-space consolidation [n=18], and lobar consolidation [n=7]. Eight chest x-rays were normal. Abnormalities were observed more frequently in the lower lobes [bilateral [n=66], unilateral [n=7]]. Computed tomography [CT] scans were performed in 18 cases with air-space consolidation and interstitial opacities. Cases with diffuse areas of airspace consolidation were followed-up after 3 months by high resolution CT imaging, which showed interstitial thickening. The predominant imaging findings in childhood influenza A [H1N1] were bilateral patchy areas of consolidation, followed by diffuse areas of airspace consolidation, normal radiographs, and lobar consolidation

Characteristics and the prevalence of respiratory viruses and the correlation with climatic factors of hospitalized children in Suzhou children's hospital / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory virus infection and its relations to climatic factors in Suzhou.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 2006 to 2009, viral etiology surveillance was conducted among 6655 children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs). Direct immunofluorescence method was used to test respiratory secretion samples for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (Inf-A, Inf-B), parainfluenza virus types I, II, and III (Pinf-I, Pinf-II, Pinf-III) and adenovirus. Samples were tested for human metapneumovirus (hMPV) with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Samples from Jan 2006 to Dec 2009 were also tested for human bocavirus (HBoV). Climatic factors, including mean temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount, sum of sunshine and mean wind velocity were collected monthly. The relationship between activity of each virus and climatic factors were analyzed by linear regression and stepwise regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From 2006 to 2009, in the total virus detection rate was 32.2% (2142/6655) in Suzhou. RSV was the most common virus and the average detection rate was 15.7% (1048/6655), followed by hMPV 8.9% (596/6655), HBoV 7.8% (148/1883), Pinf-III 2.7% (183/6655), Inf-A 2.4% (161/6655), ADV 1.3% (89/6655), Pinf-I 0.4% (29/6655), Inf-B 0.37% (25/6655) and Pinf-II 0.16% (11/6655). The positive rates of RSV, hMPV and ADV were significantly different in four years (χ(2) = 17.71, 33.23, 8.42, all P values < 0.05). Different virus has different epidemiological characteristics and distinct seasonality. The detection rate of RSV, hMPV, Inf-A were higher in Winter as 37.2%, 13.2%, 4.4%, respectively. ADV and Pinf-III were higher in summer as 2.3% and 4.6% respectively. The peak of HBoV existed in Autumn as 3.3%. The total virus detection rate showed significant inverse correlation with month average temperature (r = -0.732, P < 0.001) and a weak inverse correlation with average wind velocity was also found (r = -0.36, 0.01 < P < 0.05). The highest month total virus detection rate was from 47.6% to 84.4% when average temperature was from 3.2°C to 9.4°C and mean wind velocity was from 1.2 - 1.9 m/s. The associations of average temperature, sum of sunshine and wind velocity with RSV activity were statistical significant (r = -0.88, P < 0.001; r = -0.43, P < 0.01; r = -0.47, P < 0.01). The highest rate was from 24.3% to 58.2%, when mean temperature was from 5.3°C to 19.9°C, mean wind velocity was from 1.3 - 2.4 m/s and sum of sunshine was 61.0 to 153.4 hours. hMPV detection rate was inversely correlated with mean temperature and rain account (r = -0.43, P < 0.01; r = -0.29, P < 0.05). The rate was highest from 11.7% to 31.6% when mean temperature was from 5.3°C to 21.9°C and rain account was from 27.5 millimeter to 150.9 millimeter. Only mean temperature was positively correlated with Pinf-III (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). The rate was from 2.8% to 7.2% when mean temperature was between 11.9°C and 30.4°C. ADV detection rate was positively correlated with mean temperature and sum of sunshine, but negatively correlated with wind velocity (r = 0.35, P < 0.05; r = 0.30, P < 0.05; r = -0.32, P < 0.05). The rate was from 2.2% to 6.6% when mean temperature was between 15.9°C and 30.4°C, and sum of sunshine between 93 hours to 240.7 hours and mean wind velocity was from 1.1 - 2.8 m/s. Average temperature and relative humidity showed interactions on the detection rate of ADV (r = 0.36, P = 0.0093; r = -0.34, P = 0.016), but temperature showed higher effect on ADV detection rate. ADV detection rate was high at higher temperature (15.9 - 30.4°C) and low humidity (56% - 71%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RSV was one of the most common viruses among hospitalized children in Suzhou, and hMPV and HBoV also played an important role in respiratory tract infection of children. Different virus has different cycle and seasonality. Climatic factors, especially mean temperature, was the main factor affecting the virus prevalence.</p>

Viral pathogens of acute respiratory infection in hospitalized children from Suzhou / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the viral pathogens of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in hospitalized children from Suzhou of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from 1,668 hospitalized children with ARI. Common respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3 and adenovirus, were detected using direct immunofluorescence. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) gene fragments were detected by RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Viral agents were identified in 597 cases (35.8%). RSV was the most frequent (17.6%). RSV infection is more common in children less than 1 year old. A highest detection rate of RSV was found during winter and spring. hMPV was detected in 10.6% of the cases, with a peak detection rate between March and May. Single viral infection was found in 561 cases (33.6%) and mixed viral infection in 36 cases (including 27 cases at age of less than 1 year). RSV and hMPV co-infection was common (n=22).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>RSV is common pathogen of ARI in children from Suzhou. RSV viral activity peaks during winter and spring. The children at age of less than 1 year are susceptible to RSV. hMPV is also an important pathogen of ARI, with a peak detection rate between March and May. Mixed viral infection is common in children less than 1 year old.</p>

An etiological study on acute respiratory infection among inpatient children in Suzhou / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the pathogen of children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Suzhou and to provide some evidences for clinical diagnosis and treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The nasopharyngeal secretion samples from 2492 inpatient children with ARI, during the period of November 2005 to May 2007, were investigated for respiratory syncycial virus (RSV), influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, 3 and adenovirus by both the indirect immunofluorescence assay and virus isolation. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were examined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the same time.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 2492 samples tested, 961 (38.6%) were positive. The total positive rate of virus pathogens in children with ARI was found related to age, season and respiratory disease. The detection rates by age were: 50.0% (412/824), 43.4% (190/438), 30.5% (207/679)and 27.6% (152/551), chi(2) = 96.5002, P < 0.01; the detection rates by season were : 46.7% (366/784), 13.8% (66/478), 13.8% (59/428) and 58.6% (470/802), chi(2) = 392.3279, P < 0.01; the detection rates by disease were (acute upper respiratory infection, acute laryngitis, throat-trachea-bronchitis, bronchial pneumonia, pneumonia genuine, bronchiolitis, bronchial asthma): 21.4% (30/140), 73.7% (14/19), 32.0% (8/25), 36.9% (598/1620), 13.1% (8/61), 66.1% (216/327) and 29.0% (87/300), chi(2) = 162.1276, P < 0.01. There was no association between the total positive rate and sex. The detection rates by sex were: 39.0% (588/1508) for male and 37.9% (373/984) for female, chi(2) = 0.2962, P > 0.05. The peak of RSV appeared from December to March. There was the highest RSV detection rate 50.2% (164/327) with bronchiolitis. The hMPV can be detected all year around. The peak of hMPV appeared in winter and the detection rate was 13.2% (106/802).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RSV and hMPV are the main respiratory viral pathogens in Suzhou. Detection of viral pathogens in children with respiratory infection could give fast, accurate diagnostic evidence, and help avoid antibiotics abuse.</p>

Relationship between methimazole and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between methimazole (MMI) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive vasculitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-three cases with Graves' disease were tested for serum ANCA before and after taking MMI. At the same time, clinicopathological data of two patients with Graves' disease who had antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis during treatment with MMI were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Two patients developed antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis during the medication with MMI for 5-6 years; their major clinical manifestations were hematuria and renal failure. Renal biology showed renal vasculitis and vascular necrosis. The disease was relieved after treatment with immunosuppressor. Serum ANCA in the 33 cases was negative before taking MMI. In 3 cases serum ANCA became positive after taking MMI for 2 months, 3 months and 2 years, respectively. The positive rate is 9% (3/33). The major finding was microscopic hematuria. ANCA positive rate was significantly higher after taking MMI than that before taking MMI (chi2) = 5.3, P < 0.05). Microscopic hematuria disappeared after general treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There may be a relationship between methimazole and development of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis. Renal impairment can occur. The signs and symptoms of the vasculitis can disappear after proper treatment.</p>

Epidemiological study on respiratory syncytial virus and its bronchopneumonia among children in Suzhou / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To probe the epidemiological trend of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and cellular immunological change of RSV bronchopneumonia among children in Suzhou in the past five years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>10,205 children with acute respiratory tract infection from January 2001 to December 2005 were enrolled into the study. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from the respiratory tract by aseptic vacuum aspiration. Direct immuno-fluorescence assay was employed to detect seven kinds of virus antigens including RSV antigen. CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16 and CD56 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 30 patients with RSV bronchopneumonia (1.5-24.0 months old group) were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis, and 15 normal infants (1.5-24.0 months old group) were enrolled as control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The annual positive rate of RSV was 24.94%, 25.83%, 24.05%, 25.39% and 27.30% respectively from 2001 to 2005. It also found that the peak season for RSV infection was spring or winter (January to March or November to December). The positive rate of RSV was significantly higher in 1-12 months old group than that in > 12 months old group (chi2 = 97.320, P < 0.01), as well as the groups between 1-12 months old (chi2 = 7.804, P < 0.05, the highest positive rate was occurred at 3-6 months old group). The positive rate of RSV was significantly higher in boys than that in girls (chi2 = 9.693, P < 0.01). The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and NK (CD16 + 56)+ cells were significantly lower in RSV bronchopneumonia than those in control group (t = 3.199, P < 0.01; t = 2.215, P < 0.05; t = 2.619, P < 0.05 and t = 5.240, P < 0.01, respectively). While the percentage of CD19+ cells was significantly elevated in RSV bronchopneumonia than that in control group (t = 2.875, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RSV infection is of obvious seasonal changes. The younger the patient, the higher positive rates of RSV infection is, while and the cellular immunity function is lower. The effective measures for preventing RSV infection are important, especially for the infants. Further investigation is necessary to understand the causes of the variations for RSV infections between boys and girls.</p>

Changes of Thyroid Hormone in Children with Attention Dificit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Significance / 实用儿科临床杂志

0.05).Conclusion FT3 ,T3 play some potentially roles in the pathogenesis of ADHD and TSH may not be related to it.

Clinical and laboratory studies on childhood acute leukemia with 11q23 abnormalities / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the interrelations among morphology, immunology, cytogenetics and clinical outcome in childhood acute leukemia with 11q23 abnormalities.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighteen patients with 11q23 abnormalities, from 320 childhood acute leukemia patients, were retrospectively analysed for cell morphology, flow cytometry, immunophenotyping, R-banding karyotype as well as clinical features and prognosis. Twenty cases of childhood AL with normal karyotype during the same period were used as control.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of 11q23 abnormalities in our childhood acute leukemia patients was 5.63% including 14 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 4 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Of 16 cases immunophenotypically tested, 13 expressed lymphoid antigens and 3 CD(34) and other myeloid antigens. Karyotype analysis disclosed the following abnormalities: t(4; 11)(q21; q23) in 6 cases, t(10; 11)(p13; q23) in 3, t(11; 19)(q23; p13) in one and del(11)(q23) in 6. The complete remission rate for these patients with 11q23 abnormalities was comparable to that of the control (72.2% vs 80.0%, P > 0.05), while the mortality rate in the former was significantly higher than that in the latter (61.1% vs 25.0%, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>11q23 abnormalities were mainly seen in childhood ALL and acute monocytic leukemia with unique prognostic features.</p>